The Annals of thoracic surgery
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Between 1986 and 1988, 129 patients with stab wounds to the heart were referred from the emergency room of our institution for a thoracic surgical procedure. Multiple entrance wounds of the heart were present in 12 patients, and through-and-through stab wounds were encountered in another 10. The overall hospital mortality rate was 8.5% (11/129), which includes a 54% mortality rate for the 13 patients undergoing emergency room thoracotomy. ⋯ Cardiopulmonary bypass was not used during the primary operation, although 7 patients underwent subsequent intracardiac repair with bypass without hospital mortality. Important aspects of our preoperative management strategy include: (1) aggressive transfusion to improve the central venous pressure/intrapericardial pressure gradient; (2) rapid drainage of the pleural and pericardial spaces to reduce intrapericardial pressure; (3) empirical partial correction of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate; and (4) emergency operation without unnecessary cardiac imaging. Patients suspected of having penetrating cardiac trauma and cardiac tamponade are best managed by aggressive primary intervention and immediate operation.
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Platelets and coagulation factors were studied during 24-hour heparin-free veno-right ventricular extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in 6 healthy pigs. An endpoint attached and covalently bonded heparin-coated ECMO system was used in these experiments. The veno-right ventricular ECMO supplied the total lung function of the animals, and after 24 hours, all the animals were successfully weaned from ECMO. ⋯ Similarly, the prothrombin complex, antithrombin, thrombin-antithrombin complex, factor XII, and the urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2 were not significantly altered. Fibrinogen and fibrin monomer increased significantly, whereas von Willebrand factor was significantly decreased after ECMO. In summary, 24-hour heparin-free veno-right ventricular total extracorporeal lung assistance does not affect the platelets and the coagulation system significantly in healthy juvenile pigs.
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Malignant hyperthermia is a genetically predisposed, potentially fatal disorder triggered by anesthetic agents. The early diagnosis and treatment of malignant hyperthermia is essential, yet often difficult, because the signs and symptoms of this disorder are not unique to the disease. When the patient is also undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass this disorder may be very difficult to recognize. ⋯ The unusualness of this case stems from the fact that the patient had centronuclear myopathy. Although reported with other types of myopathies, centronuclear myopathy has rarely been associated with malignant hyperthermia. This episode of malignant hyperthermia was diagnosed by intraoperative measurements showing increased oxygen consumption despite hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Practice Guideline Guideline
Practice guidelines in cardiothoracic surgery.