Social work
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The empowerment model has long dominated social work practice in Western countries. Many social workers in Hong Kong use this model regardless of the social or cultural context. ⋯ An empowerment approach in communities influenced by traditional Chinese culture may result in types of pseudo empowerment: pragmatic empowerment, autocratic empowerment, hidden empowerment, lonely romantic empowerment, and fashionable empowerment. A culturally sensitive empowerment model for Chinese communities may have to be gradual and harmonious and empower both the individual and his or her significant others.
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Social justice is a core value to the mission of social work. Older people are among the most vulnerable populations for whom social workers are called on to advocate. ⋯ Literature critiquing the justice dimensions of health care for the elderly population is reviewed. Justice claims are identified and refined, and social justice theories are used in the analysis of the proposed policies.