The Journal of family practice
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It depends. A diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) made using screening spirometry in patients without symptoms does not change the course of the disease or alter smoking rates (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, preponderance of evidence from multiple randomized controlled trials [RCTs]). However, once a patient develops symptoms of lung disease, a delayed diagnosis is associated with poorer outcomes (SOR: B, cohort studies). Active case finding (including the use of spirometry) is recommended for patients with risk factors for COPD who present with consistent symptoms (SOR: C, expert opinion).
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Four dietary plans can reduce A1C levels but may differ in long-term outcomes. Intensive lifestyle interventions may even make remission possible.
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This noninvasive alternative to the diagnostic gold standard may cut risk and expense for adult patients.