Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
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J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. · May 2011
Randomized Controlled TrialEvaluation of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in combination with opioids as injectable anesthesia for castration in dogs.
To compare efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in combination with butorphanol, hydromorphone, or buprenorphine (with or without reversal by atipamezole) in dogs undergoing castration. ⋯ DKBup was the most suitable injectable anesthetic combination used. Recovery was shortened by IM administration of atipamezole. There were minimal adverse effects in all groups.