Journal of the National Cancer Institute
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J. Natl. Cancer Inst. · Mar 2001
Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in nonsmoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with lung cancer in nonsmokers. Most epidemiologic studies find a higher risk for lung cancer in nonsmoking women married to smokers than in those married to nonsmokers. We measured metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in urine from healthy, nonsmoking women exposed to ETS. ⋯ Nonsmoking women exposed to ETS take up and metabolize the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen NNK, which could increase their risk of lung cancer. Within couples, the NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc level in exposed women compared with that of their smoking partners averaged 5.6%. Notably, epidemiologic studies have estimated the excess risk for lung cancer in nonsmoking women exposed to ETS as 1%-2% of that in smokers.
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J. Natl. Cancer Inst. · Mar 2001
Validation of the Gail et al. model of breast cancer risk prediction and implications for chemoprevention.
Women and their clinicians are increasingly encouraged to use risk estimates derived from statistical models, primarily that of Gail et al., to aid decision making regarding potential prevention options for breast cancer, including chemoprevention with tamoxifen. ⋯ The Gail et al. model 2 fit well in this sample in terms of predicting numbers of breast cancer cases in specific risk factor strata but had modest discriminatory accuracy at the individual level. This finding has implications for use of the model in clinical counseling of individual women.