Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
-
The major disease processes affecting the aorta are aortic aneurysms and dissections. Aneurysms are usually described in terms of their anatomic location, with thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) involving the ascending and descending aorta in the thoracic cavity and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) involving the infrarenal abdominal aorta. ⋯ These similarities and differences between thoracic and abdominal aortas provide the basis for the various pathologic mechanisms observed in this disease. This review focuses on the comparison of the pathologic mechanisms involved in TAA and AAA.
-
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. · Nov 2006
ReviewObesity-related sleepiness and fatigue: the role of the stress system and cytokines.
Obesity has epidemic proportions in Western societies and, because of its significant association with morbidity and mortality, is a major public health issue. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and fatigue (tiredness without increased sleep propensity)--which have been associated with obesity--have a significant impact on individual well-being and public safety. In this article, we review data that challenge the belief that sleep apnea and sleep disruption per se are the primary determinants of obesity-related daytime sleepiness and fatigue. ⋯ On the basis of these data, we propose that obesity-related objective daytime sleepiness and fatigue are associated primarily with metabolic and psychological factors and less with sleep apnea and sleep disruption per se. Furthermore, we suggest that objective sleepiness is primarily related to metabolic factors, whereas fatigue appears to be related to psychological distress. Finally, based on data from studies in normal controls and patients with sleep disorders, we propose that the interaction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and proinflammatory cytokines determines the level of sleep/arousal within the 24-h cycle, that is, "hypercortisolemia" plus hypercytokinemia is associated with low sleep efficiency and fatigue, whereas "eucortisolemia" or "hypocortisolemia" plus hypercytokinemia is associated with high sleep efficiency and objective sleepiness.
-
The worldwide rise in violence, especially that directed against females of all ages, led the World Health Organization (WHO) to undertake steps to deal with that problem. To do so, WHO adopted a public health approach. This entailed (1) developing a definition of violence, (2) devising a typology of violent acts, (3) creating a uniform database for reporting violence, and (4) promulgating a model for understanding violence and its attendant phenomena. This essay reviews, analyzes, and critiques those efforts.
-
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. · Nov 2006
ReviewViolence and exploitation against women and girls with disability.
This article seeks to explore issues concerning women and girls with disability who have experienced violence and exploitation. Owing to different methodologies of data collection, it is difficult to precisely determine the exact number of women and girls who are affected. The literature suggests that violence and exploitation against women and girls with disability occur at a rate 50% higher than in the rest of society. It also points out a number of additional critical issues: professionals are uneducated nd insensitive to the needs of these populations; increasing numbers of women and girls living with disability exacerbate the problem; women and girls with disability are uneducated about their rights and responsibilities; and action must be taken to halt this epidemic.
-
This review examines multiple forms of intimate partner violence, including women's use of violence, and argues for development of more complex conceptualizations of intimate partner violence. As new victims are identified, partner violence has been reconceptualized. ⋯ The authors argue that how researchers conceptualize intimate partner violence influences how they study and measure it. The authors call for researchers to develop more complex constructions of gender, and to distinguish between distinct forms of intimate partner violence.