Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
-
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. · Dec 2020
ReviewLymph node dissection and recurrent laryngeal nerve protection in minimally invasive esophagectomy.
Until now, neoadjuvant therapy plus surgical resection of the primary tumor and potential metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) has been the current optimal treatment for locally advanced thoracic esophageal cancer (EC). LN metastasis is one of the most negative prognostic factors for thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the extent of LN dissection for thoracic ESCC has long been controversial worldwide. ⋯ With the development of minimally invasive devices and techniques in recent years, minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) has been widely applied in EC surgery. The topics of what the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy is and how the recurrent nerve should be well protected during MIE have been debated in recent years. The purpose of our review is specifically to address the patterns of LN metastasis, the extent of LN dissection, and the protection of the RLN in MIE for thoracic ESCC.
-
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. · Dec 2020
ReviewOptimal preoperative neoadjuvant therapy for resectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, especially in East Asia. ESCC accounts for more than 90% of esophageal cancer. ⋯ With neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, chemotherapy, or emerging immunotherapy, continuous exploration of efficacy in relation to ESCC is expected to improve overall survival further. Here, we review and summarize current evidence for efficacy of preoperative therapy for locally advanced ESCC.
-
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. · Dec 2020
ReviewRecent advances in minimally invasive esophagectomy for squamous esophageal cancer.
Over the past decade there has been tremendous development in the clinical application of minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for the treatment of squamous esophageal carcinoma. The major challenges in the performance of MIE include limitations in visualization and manipulation within the confined, rigid thoracic cavity; the need for adequate patient positioning and anesthetic techniques to accommodate the surgical exposure; and changes in the surgical steps for achieving radical nodal dissection, especially for the superior mediastinum. ⋯ The recent application of robotics technologies for MIE has further enhanced the quality and safety of the surgical dissection, while intraoperative nerve monitoring has contributed to a lower rate of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. With the application of new technologies, we expect further improvement in surgical outcomes for MIE in the treatment of squamous esophageal cancer.
-
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. · Dec 2020
ReviewUpdates in staging and pathologic evaluation of esophageal carcinoma following neoadjuvant therapy.
Esophageal carcinoma comprises two major subtypes-squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, the incidences of which vary widely across the world and also depend on the location within the esophagus. The staging of esophageal cancer (EC) also remains unique among various gastrointestinal carcinomas, as it takes into account the location, histologic type, and grade. Its management has been evolving over the years and the recent American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system has been updated to reflect the changing practice and new data. ⋯ The presence of residual tumor in the surgically resected specimen and lymph node following neoadjuvant therapy is associated with poor prognosis. Hence, a thorough pathologic assessment of tumor regression grade and accurate tumor staging is required by pathologists to provide valuable prognostic information to guide further management. Tumor regression grading in ECs needs to be improved and standardized.