Pain
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Comparative Study
A psychosocial and behavioral comparison of reflex sympathetic dystrophy, low back pain, and headache patients.
Based primarily on anecdotal evidence, patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) have often been suspected of having a high degree of psychosocial disturbance prior to the onset of symptoms as well as in reaction to the disorder. In the present study, patients presenting to a pain center with RSD were compared to patients with low back (LBP) and headache pain (HAP) on a variety of self-reported demographic, behavioral, pain, and mood measures. ⋯ This paradox may be due to the lesser chronicity of the RSD patients as well as to their apparently experiencing a more sympathetic response from doctors, employers, and insurance carriers than their LBP and HAP counterparts. On balance, the present data do not support the hypothesis the RSD patients, relative to other pain patients, are uniquely disturbed in psychosocial functioning.
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This study examined nurses' assessments of pain in postoperative patients. Subjects were 119 registered nurses and 119 abdominal surgery patients at two community and two university hospitals. Patients completed a visual analogue scale (VAS) when they indicated the presence of pain. ⋯ Nurses underassessed more severe pain and overassessed mild pain. Nurses' accuracy in assessments were related neither to patients' age nor to the length of time since surgery. Implications for clinical practice and suggestions for further research are discussed.
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Comparative Study Clinical Trial
A controlled study of the effects of an early intervention on acute musculoskeletal pain problems.
Current conceptions of chronic pain clearly suggest that proper care at the acute stage should prevent the development of chronic problems. Patients (198) seeking help for acute musculoskeletal pain (MSP), e.g., back and neck pain participated in two studies of the effects of an Early Active intervention which underscored 'well' behavior and function compared to a Treatment as usual control group. The quantity of the Early Active treatment was a median of 1 doctor's appointment and 3 meetings with a physical therapist. ⋯ This investigation shows that relatively simple changes in treatment result in reduced sickness absenteeism for 'first-time' sufferers only. Consequently, the content and timing of treatment for pain appear to be crucial. Properly administered early intervention may therefore decrease sick leave and prevent chronic problems, thus saving considerable resources.
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To assess the possible role of spinal nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in nociceptive processing, we examined the effect of intrathecal (i.t.) injection of arginine analogs that act as alternate substrates for NO synthase and thus inhibit NO production. NG-nitro-L-arginine ester (r-NAME) and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) produced a dose-dependent, stereospecific inhibition of the second phase (10-60 min; ED50, 135 and 246 nmol) of the formalin test with minimal effect on the first phase (0-9 min; ED50 > 1.1 mumol). The inhibitory action of L-NAME was dose-dependently reversed by i.t. ⋯ None of the compounds, L-NAME, D-NAME or L-arginine, when injected alone, had any effect on normal thermal response latencies or on the 52.5 degrees C hot plate. These studies indicate that modulation of spinal NO synthesis can diminish the facilitated processing of afferent activity which is induced by a continued afferent barrage (second phase of the formalin test). This hyperalgesic component appears initiated by the activation of a spinal NMDA receptor that, through the generation of NO, leads to the observed augmented processing of afferent input and the associated hyperalgesic component of the subsequent pain behavior.