Pain
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Locomotor disability (LMD) is common at older ages, and can lead to other significant disability and mortality. Prevalent pain has been shown to be associated with LMD. This article aimed to assess the association between changes in lower limb pain status (ascertained from a manikin) and changes in the level of self-reported LMD in a sample of UK adults age ≥ 50years, over a 6-year period (data collected at 3-year intervals). ⋯ Becoming free from lower limb pain was associated with a relative decrease in LMD, but did not return LMD scores to the level of those who had remained pain-free throughout. This is consistent with a cumulative effect on LMD of recurrent episodes of pain. Lower limb pain may be a key target for prevention and rehabilitation to reduce years lived with disability in later life.
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We quantified the immune histiocytic Langerhans cells (LCs) in skin biopsy samples of patients with distal small fiber neuropathy (SFN). Patients were divided according to the presence or absence of neuropathic pain (burning pain) assessed by a visual analogue scale (VAS). We studied 13 diabetic patients (pain-DSFN), 7 nondiabetic patients (pain-SFN) who reported relevant neuropathic pain (VAS ≥ 3), and 6 nondiabetic patients without neuropathic pain (no-pain-SFN). ⋯ There was a negative correlation between the IENFD and the number of LCs (r(2)=-0.13, P=.03). No statistically significant differences were found among groups of subjects either for the co-localization or for the number of LCs that were PGP 9.5-immunoreactive (analysis of variance; P>.05). These results indicate that patients with neuropathic pain in the context of SFN, specially those who had diabetes (DSFN), had an increased number of LCs in the epidermis that may play a role in the generation or maintenance of neuropathic pain.
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Fear was induced by the anticipation of electric shock in order to investigate whether fear reduced the effectiveness of a placebo intervention on reported pain and the acoustic startle reflex. Thirty-three subjects participated in a 3 Condition (Natural History [NH], Placebo [P], Placebo+Fear [PF])×3 Test (Pretest, Posttest 1, Posttest 2) within-subject design, tested on 3 separate days. Measures of fear were fear of pain (FOP), measured by the Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ-III); fear-potentiated startle; and a self-report measure that assessed the effectiveness of the fear induction procedure. ⋯ The placebo manipulation also caused a reduction in startle reflex amplitude. This effect was abolished by induced fear, and was strongest amongst high FOP subjects. In conclusion, induced fear abolished placebo analgesia, and this effect was strongest in subjects who had high scores on measures of fear.
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Antidepressants are often used for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Clinical studies suggest that the efficacy of serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for neuropathic pain is greater than that of selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In the present study, we determined the efficacy and mechanisms involved in the antihyperalgesic effects of milnacipran, an SNRI, compared with paroxetine, an SSRI, and maprotiline, a selective NA reuptake inhibitor, using a rat model of neuropathic pain. ⋯ In microdialysis studies, NA and 5-HT concentrations in the spinal dorsal horn were increased after injection of either milnacipran or paroxetine, and only NA was increased after maprotiline. Furthermore, the NA content in the spinal cord of SNL rats was greater than that in normal animals. These findings suggest that an increase in NA in the spinal cord plays an important role in the antihyperalgesic effects of not only NA reuptake inhibitors but also SSRIs.