Drug and alcohol dependence
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Drug Alcohol Depend · Jun 2016
Randomized Controlled TrialA pilot randomized clinical trial of an intervention to reduce overdose risk behaviors among emergency department patients at risk for prescription opioid overdose.
Prescription opioid overdose is a significant public health problem. Interventions to prevent overdose risk behaviors among high-risk patients are lacking. This study examined the impact of a motivational intervention to reduce opioid misuse and overdose risk behaviors. ⋯ This study represents the first clinical trial of a behavioral intervention to reduce overdose risk. Results indicate that this single motivational enhancement session reduced prescription opioid overdose risk behaviors, including opioid misuse, among adult patients in the ED.
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Drug Alcohol Depend · Jun 2016
ReviewNaloxone without the needle - systematic review of candidate routes for non-injectable naloxone for opioid overdose reversal.
Deaths from opioid overdose can be prevented through administration of the antagonist naloxone, which has been licensed for injection since the 1970s. To support wider availability of naloxone in community settings, novel non-injectable naloxone formulations are being developed, suitable for emergency use by non-medical personnel. ⋯ After 40 years of injection-based naloxone treatment, non-injectable routes are finally being developed. Nasal naloxone has recently been approved and will soon be field-tested, buccal naloxone holds promise, and it is unclear what sublingual naloxone will contribute. Development and approval of reliable non-injectable formulations will facilitate wider naloxone provision across the community internationally.
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Drug Alcohol Depend · Jun 2016
Comparative StudySuicide attempts among alcohol-dependent pain patients before and after an inpatient hospitalization.
This study examined (1) whether pain diagnoses were risk factors for non-fatal suicide attempts before and after inpatient hospitalizations in alcohol-dependent veterans, and (2) the characteristics of pain patients who attempted suicide. ⋯ This study suggests that psychiatric disorders account for the relationship between pain diagnoses and past suicide attempts among hospitalized alcohol-dependent veterans. Pain-specific suicide prevention efforts may be better targeted at less intensive levels of care.
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Drug Alcohol Depend · Jun 2016
Price elasticity of on- and off-premises demand for alcoholic drinks: A Tobit analysis.
Understanding how price policies will affect alcohol consumption requires estimates of the impact of price on consumption among different types of drinkers and across different consumption settings. This study aims to estimate how changes in price could affect alcohol demand across different beverages, different settings (on-premise, e.g., bars, restaurants and off-premise, e.g., liquor stores, supermarkets), and different levels of drinking and income. ⋯ Our findings suggest that alcohol price policies, such as increasing alcohol taxes or introducing a minimum unit price, can reduce alcohol demand. Price appears to be particularly effective for reducing consumption and as well as alcohol-related harm among harmful drinkers and lower income drinkers.
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Drug Alcohol Depend · Jun 2016
E-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette and marijuana use among Hispanic young adults.
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) could have a multifaceted effect on public health by changing the likelihood that: (a) non-smokers and non-users of marijuana subsequently transition to cigarette and marijuana use, respectively, and/or: (b) cigarette smokers subsequently quit smoking. We analyzed data from a longitudinal study of Hispanic young adults in Los Angeles, California to determine whether e-cigarette use is associated with subsequent cigarette or marijuana use over a one-year period. ⋯ Among Hispanic young adults, e-cigarettes could increase the likelihood of transitioning from non-user to user of cigarettes or marijuana and was not associated with smoking cessation.