Drug and alcohol dependence
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Drug Alcohol Depend · Jul 2018
Dispositional mindfulness and prescription opioid misuse among chronic pain patients: Craving and attention to positive information as mediating mechanisms.
Opioid-treated chronic pain patients may be at risk for prescription opioid misuse due to heightened opioid craving coupled with deficits in attention to naturally rewarding, positive stimuli. Conversely, dispositional mindfulness, which is associated with reduced craving and increased responsiveness to natural rewards, may serve as a protective factor and buffer opioid misuse risk. The current investigation aimed to examine the association between mindfulness and opioid misuse, and to test opioid craving and attention to positive information as mediators of this relationship. ⋯ Dispositional mindfulness may buffer opioid misuse risk by attenuating opioid craving and enhancing attention to naturally rewarding stimuli.
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Drug Alcohol Depend · Jul 2018
Naloxone laws facilitate the establishment of overdose education and naloxone distribution programs in the United States.
The opioid overdose crisis in the United States continues to worsen. Opioid overdose mortality is entirely preventable with timely administration of naloxone. Since 2001, many states have passed laws to create an enabling environment for the implementation of overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) programs. We assessed whether state-level naloxone laws and their provisions stimulated the implementation of OEND programs in the United States. ⋯ Our findings suggest that naloxone laws facilitated the implementation of OEND programs. With only 8% of counties having an OEND program within them, future studies should investigate strategies to improve the implementation of OEND programs.
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Drug Alcohol Depend · Jul 2018
Controlled Clinical TrialEffects of electronic cigarette liquid solvents propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin on user nicotine delivery, heart rate, subjective effects, and puff topography.
Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are a class of tobacco products that produce different effects (e.g., nicotine delivery), depending on the device, liquid, and behavioral factors. However, the influence of the two primary ECIG liquid solvents, propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG), on ECIG acute effects is unknown. ⋯ PG:VG ratio influenced nicotine delivery, some subjective effects, and puff topography. Lower overall product satisfaction associated with the 100PG liquid suggests factors other than nicotine delivery (e.g., aerosol visibility) may play a role in maintaining ECIG use. Regulating ECIG acute effects such as nicotine delivery and subjective effects may require simultaneous attention to liquid PG:VG ratio as well as device, liquid, and behavioral factors known to influence these outcomes.
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Drug Alcohol Depend · Jul 2018
Predicting pharmacy naloxone stocking and dispensing following a statewide standing order, Indiana 2016.
While naloxone, the overdose reversal medication, has been available for decades, factors associated with its availability through pharmacies remain unclear. Studies suggest that policy and pharmacist beliefs may impact availability. Indiana passed a standing order law for naloxone in 2015 to increase access to naloxone. ⋯ Pharmacies with larger capacity took advantage of the naloxone standing order. Predictors of pharmacist naloxone dispensing should continue to be explored to maximize naloxone access.
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Drug Alcohol Depend · Jul 2018
Exploring opioid use disorder, its impact, and treatment among individuals experiencing homelessness as part of a family.
Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) causes significant morbidity and mortality among people experiencing homelessness. We aimed to explore the unique way in which OUD impacts individuals experiencing homelessness as part of a family. ⋯ According to a sample of adults experiencing OUD in the context of family homelessness, an ideal OUD treatment program would overcome logistical barriers, provide comprehensive treatment for comorbidities, support employment and housing needs, and focus care on the family. Future work should explore the generalizability and financial feasibility of this model.