Cancer letters
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Cancer harbors variable heterogeneity and plasticity. Thus far, our comprehension is greatly based on cell lines, organoids, and patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTXs). ⋯ As an intermediate model, tumor organoids are also used to study the fundamental issues of tumorigenesis and metastasis. They are specifically applied for drug testing and stored as "living biobanks." In this review, we highlight the translational applications of organoid technologies in tumor research and precision medicine, discuss the advantages and limitations compared with other mentioned methods, and provide our outlook on its future.