The New England journal of medicine
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A short interval between pregnancies has been associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Whether that association is due to confounding by other risk factors, such as maternal age, socioeconomic status, and reproductive history, is unknown. ⋯ The optimal interpregnancy interval for preventing adverse perinatal outcomes is 18 to 23 months.
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Epidemiologic studies have reported differences in the use of cardiovascular procedures according to the race and sex of the patient. Whether the differences stem from differences in the recommendations of physicians remains uncertain. ⋯ Our findings suggest that the race and sex of a patient independently influence how physicians manage chest pain.