The New England journal of medicine
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Although dyspnea is a common symptom, there has been only limited investigation of its prognostic significance among patients referred for cardiac evaluation. ⋯ In a large series of patients, self-reported dyspnea identified a subgroup of otherwise asymptomatic patients at increased risk for death from cardiac causes and from any cause. Our results suggest that an assessment of dyspnea should be incorporated into the clinical evaluation of patients referred for cardiac stress testing.