Neuroscience
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This review explores the significant roles of neurotransmitters, focusing on dopamine and serotonin, in inflammation and cancer. These neurotransmitters are vital for neural signaling and play crucial roles in various physiological and pathological processes. ⋯ The interplay between dopamine and serotonin systems extends beyond neural communication, significantly affecting immune responses and inflammation. Dopamine's role in modulating immune cell activity highlights its potential in treating inflammatory conditions and cancer. Similarly, serotonin's extensive physiological impact underscores the importance of targeting 5-HT pathways in various disorders. Future research should focus on developing therapeutic strategies that leverage these neurotransmitters' regulatory functions in both the CNS and peripheral systems.
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Stem-cell derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown promise in preclinical spinal cord injury (SCI) models but lack a comprehensive literature review for clinical translation guidance. ⋯ Both natural and bio-engineered EVs improve functional and pathological outcomes in animal models of SCI. The enhanced benefits observed with bio-engineered EVs, particularly those utilizing surface modification approaches, highlight the importance of continued exploration into bio-engineering techniques to optimize EVs' therapeutic efficacy for SCI repair. Protocol Registration CRD42024512122.
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Degenerative diseases and injuries of central nervous system (CNS) often cause nerve cell apoptosis and neural dysfunction. Protection of surviving cells or inducing the differentiation of stem cells into functional cells is considered to be an important way of neurorepair. In addition, transdifferentiation technology emerged recently is expected to provide new solutions for nerve regeneration. ⋯ The extracellular microenvironment changed dramatically upon neural lesion, exploring the biological function of signals mediated by cell surface receptors will help to develop molecular strategies for nerve regeneration. An increasing number of studies have reported that cell surface receptor-mediated signaling affects the survival, differentiation, and functioning of neural cells, and even regulate their trans-lineage reprogramming. Here, we provide a review on the roles of cell surface receptors in CNS regeneration, thus providing new cues for better treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or nerve injury.
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Review
Nanostructured photonics Probes: A transformative approach in neurotherapeutics and brain circuitry.
Neuroprobes that use nanostructured photonic interfaces are capable of multimodal sensing, stimulation, and imaging with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. In addition to electrical recording, optogenetic modulation, high-resolution optical imaging, and molecular sensing, these advanced probes combine nanophotonic waveguides, optical transducers, nanostructured electrodes, and biochemical sensors. ⋯ In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of photonics in neural probes, trends in electrode diameter for neural interface technologies, nanophotonic technologies using nanostructured materials, advances in nanofabrication photonics interface engineering, and challenges and opportunities. Finally, interdisciplinary efforts are required to unlock the transformative potential of next-generation neuroscience therapies.