Spine
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Prospective cohort study with patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) at primary care setting. ⋯ 2.
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A retrospective analysis. ⋯ 3.
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Seventy-five doctors completed a questionnaire documenting their grade, specialty, and experience in performing digital rectal examination (DRE). A model anus, using a pressure transducer surrounding an artificial canal, was assembled and calibrated. Participants performed 4 DREs on the model (with a break between attempts) and predicted tone as "reduced" or "normal" (35 and 60 mm Hg, respectively), followed by a "squeeze" test. Thirty health care assistants partook as a control group with no training in DRE. ⋯ 4.
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Experimental animal study of convective transport in the intervertebral disc. ⋯ 4.