Spine
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We investigate on the surgical reliability of nasal palatine line for the transnasal approach and introduce a conceptually analogue radiological line as a reliable predictor of the maximal superior extension of the transoral approach. We have also compared radiological and surgical lines to find possible radiological references points to predict preoperatively the maximal extent of superior dissection for the transoral approach. ⋯ 3.
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Orthotic treatment (braces) for scoliosis is best understood in light of the natural history of idiopathic scoliosis and the mechanics of spine stability. Idiopathic scoliosis is a spinal deformity confronted often by spine surgeons. With prompt recognition, treatment can be effective.
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Technique report and case series. ⋯ 5.
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Medical textbooks present the pelvis and the spine as distinct entities-an unfortunate practice that does not reflect the crucial and critical role that the pelvis plays in regulating spino-pelvic alignment. Researchers are working to delineate this role. ⋯ To quantify pelvic morphology, Legaye introduced the pelvic incidence angle (PI) and espoused the theory that this angle regulates sagittal curvature of the spine. The PI is formed from 2 lines: line 1, perpendicular to the sacrum from the midline of the sacral plate, aims to quantify spatial orientation and dictate the lumbar curve; line 2, extending from the midline of the sacrum to the midpoint between femoral heads, illustrates the importance of sacral position inside the pelvis (SDC Figure 1, http://links.lww.com/BRS/B99).
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Spinal cord injury (SCI) can be complete or incomplete. The level of injury in SCI is defined as the most caudal segment with motor function rated at greater than or equal to 3/5, with pain and temperature preserved. The standard neurological classification of SCI provided by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) assigns grades from ASIA A (complete SCI) through ASIA E (normal sensory/motor), with B, C, and D representing varying degrees of injury between these extremes. The most common causes of SCI include trauma (motor vehicle accidents, sports, violence, falls), degenerative spinal disease, vascular injury (anterior spinal artery syndrome, epidural hematoma), tumor, infection (epidural abscess), and demyelinating processes (). (SDC Figure 1, http://links.lww.com/BRS/B91)(Figure is included in full-text article.).