Spine
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A retrospective case series study. ⋯ Neurologic diagnoses relating to the cervical and lumbar spine lead to substantial disability among MLB and MiLB players as well as days missed from play. Pitchers have over double the rates of injury compared with other position players. Lumbar conditions were associated with significantly higher numbers of days missed from play.Level of Evidence: 4.
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An analytical cross-sectional computed tomography (CT) study. ⋯ By using an accurate measuring tool, we found an association of the deep and superficial neck muscles' CSA with upper extremities' pain and disability. When performing manual work, a special load is placed on the shoulders and neck muscles. Future research should focus on examining the effectiveness of exercise-type intervention programs to strengthen the deep neck and upper extremities' muscles in order to prevent muscle fatigue.Level of Evidence: 2.
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Cohort study. ⋯ DA provides good clinical outcome at 2-year follow-up in patients with LSS and DS with low rate of intra- and postoperative complications and subsequent surgery. Our data supports the evidence that DA is effective and safe for LSS with DS.Level of Evidence: 3.
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Observational Study
A Prospective, 3-year Longitudinal Study of Modic Changes of the Lumbar Spine in a Population-based Cohort: The Wakayama Spine Study.
Large-scale, prospective, population-based, longitudinal observational study. ⋯ This study revealed a high incidence of MCs at the upper lumbar levels and transformation at the lower lumbar levels. Reverse transformation of MCs occurs but are rare.Level of Evidence: 2.
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Prospective cohort study. ⋯ Compared with MI-TLIF, OLIF showed similar results in terms of patient-reported outcomes, restoration of SLA and fusion rate, and superior results with respect to restoration of DH and LLA, operation time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, and serum CK levels (1 day postoperatively). Even though the complication rate of OLIF is higher than that of MI-TLIF, it does not bring persistent and substantial damage to the patients.Level of Evidence: 3.