Lung
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Cough is a troublesome symptom associated with many respiratory diseases. In some instances cough can become prolonged and excessive, and chronic cough of various aetiologies is a common presentation to specialist respiratory clinics. However, current treatment options are limited. ⋯ Recent investigation has focused on the interaction between G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels expressed on airway sensory nerves that are responsible for driving the cough reflex. In particular, the Transient Receptor Potential class of ion channels appears to play a major role as a regulator of the afferent arm of the cough reflex and could be involved in the heightened cough response observed in disease states. Current research investigating the pathogenesis of cough supports the development of TRP channel inhibitors as novel and selective treatment modalities.
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Cough remains refractory to medical treatment in approximately 20% of cases. Speech pathology intervention is a useful treatment option for patients with chronic cough that is refractory to treatment based on the anatomic diagnostic protocol. One of the reasons for this is that the larynx can be implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic refractory cough. ⋯ In this trial 87% of patients in the treatment group improved, whereas 14% on the placebo group improved. Cough reflex sensitivity has also been shown to improve following speech pathology intervention for cough. This review outlines the potential mechanisms for improvement in cough, indicators for referral to speech pathology for cough, and exclusion criteria.
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Studies of polymorphisms in CYP1A1, CYP2E1, CYP2D6, and GSTM1 and their relationship to lung cancer susceptibility and chemotherapy response have been reported, but the results are not consistent. In this study we selected four polymorphisms in these genes, several of which have previously been researched, and investigated their association with lung cancer susceptibility and chemotherapy response. ⋯ Our findings support the hypothesis that a polymorphism in GSTM1 is associated with lung cancer susceptibility. Furthermore, polymorphisms in GSTM1 and CYP1A1 were associated with chemotherapy response. In particular, smokers carrying deficient-type GSTM1 were at a higher risk of developing lung cancer. Patients carrying deficient-type GSTM1 responded better to platinum drugs, while those with TT CYP1A1 were better responders to nonplatinum drugs.