Histopathology
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Expression profiles and clinical impact of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expressing tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are not elucidated fully. This study evaluates expression patterns in primary HNSCC and related lymph node metastasis and the impact on patients' clinical outcome. ⋯ Our results characterise the expression profiles of PD-1 axis proteins in HNSCC which might serve as possible clinical prognostic markers.
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Observational Study
The role of transbronchial cryobiopsy in lung transplantation.
Lung transplant monitoring is usually performed with forceps transbronchial biopsies. These types of biopsy show limited reliability and a high degree of variability, owing to insufficient material and compression artefact, which lead to misinterpretation and, eventually, inappropriate treatment of the transplanted patients. The following study was undertaken to assess the diagnostic yield, histological quality and safety of cryobiopsy (CB) in comparison with conventional forceps biopsy (FB) for sampling lung tissue in transplant recipients. ⋯ Transbronchial cryoprobe bronchoscopy allows the harvesting of larger and more expanded lung tissue samples, increasing the diagnostic yield in the monitoring of the lung allograft by means of a safe procedure.