Herz
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Review Comparative Study
[Acute coronary syndromes: an update. I. Pathogenesis and drug therapy].
Unstable angina accounts for more than one million hospital admissions annually. 6-8% of patients with this condition have non-fatal myocardial infarction or die within the first year after diagnosis. Recently, the term "acute coronary syndromes" has been used to describe the spectrum of conditions that includes unstable angina, non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (which generally presents without ST-segment elevation), and Q-wave myocardial infarction (which generally presents with ST-segment elevation). ⋯ Multiple huge clinical trials confirmed that aspirin reduces the risk of death from cardiac causes and fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction by about 50-70% in patients presenting with unstable angina. Ticlopidine may be substituted for aspirin in patients with hypersensitivity to aspirin or gastrointestinal intolerance. Clopidogrel acts similarly to ticlopidin but has fewer side effects than ticlopidine and has not been reported to cause neutropenia. High-risk patients with refractory unstable angina and elevated troponin levels may have substantial benefit of glycoptotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibition. Current practice guidelines support the use of the combination of unfractionated heparin and aspirin for the treatment of unstable angina. Clinical studies have demonstrated that the incidence of the composite end point of death, myocardial infarction, or recurrent angina was lower with enoxaparin than with unfractionated heparin. Beta-blockers, nitrates, and calcium-channel blockers are useful for antiischemic therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
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Review Comparative Study
[Acute coronary syndromes: an update. II. Coronary revascularization and risk stratification].
CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION: PTCA in patients with refractory unstable angina is associated with a substantial risk of the following complications: death, myocardial infarction, need for emergency surgery, and restenosis. The introduction of intracoronary stents, however, has improved both short-term and long-term outcomes. The newer adjunctive pharmacologic therapies enhance even further the benefits associated with the use of stents. The decision regarding the specific revascularization procedure to be used (e.g., CABG, PTCA, stent placement, or atherectomy) is based on the coronary anatomy, the left ventricular function, the experience of the medical and surgical personnel, the presence or absence of coexisting illnesses, and the preferences of both the patient and the physician. ⋯ Among patients with unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, there is an increased risk of death within 6 weeks in those with elevated troponin I levels and the risk of death continues to increase as the troponin level increases. Reversible ST segment depression is associated with an increase by a factor of 3-6 in the likelihood of death, myocardial infarction, ischemia at rest, or provocable ischemia during a test to stratify risk. Exercise or pharmacologic stress testing provides important information about a patient's risk. Although the conditions of the majority of patients with unstable angina will stabilize with effective antiischemic medications, approximately 50-60% of such patients will require coronary angiography and revascularization because of the "failure" of medical therapy. High-risk patients are those who have had angina at rest, prolonged angina, or persistent angina with dynamic ST segment changes or hemodynamic instability, and they urgently require simultaneous invasive evaluation and treatment. Medical therapy should be adjusted rapidly to relieve manifestations of ischemia and should include antiplatelet therapy (aspirin, or ticlopidine or clopidogrel if aspirin is contraindicated), antithrombotic therapy (unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin), beta-blockers, nitrates, and possibly calcium-channel blockers. Early administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors may be particularly important, especially in high-risk patients with positive troponin tests or those in whom implantation of coronary stents is anticipated.