Ophthalmology
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Multicenter Study Comparative Study
A multicenter analysis of the ophthalmic knowledge assessment program and American Board of Ophthalmology written qualifying examination performance.
To compare the performance on the American Board of Ophthalmology Written Qualifying Examination (WQE) with the performance on step 1 of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) and the Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program (OKAP) examination for residents in multiple residency programs. ⋯ The OKAP examination, especially in the third year of residency, can be useful to residents to predict the likelihood of success on the high-stakes WQE examination.
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Review Meta Analysis
The association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
To summarize relevant evidence investigating the association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents (up to 20 years). ⋯ The overall findings indicate that increasing time spent outdoors may be a simple strategy by which to reduce the risk of developing myopia and its progression in children and adolescents. Therefore, further RCTs are warranted to investigate the efficacy of increasing time outdoors as a possible intervention to prevent myopia and its progression.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Double-blind, bilateral pain comparison with simultaneous injection of 2% lidocaine versus buffered 2% lidocaine for periocular anesthesia.
Determine if raising the pH of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100 000 to a physiologic level decreases pain perception during periocular, subcutaneous anesthesia. ⋯ Buffering 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100 000 with sodium bicarbonate 8.4% offers a clinically and statistically significant reduction in pain experienced by two-thirds of patients receiving periocular subcutaneous anesthesia.
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Comparative Study
The Nakuru posterior segment eye disease study: methods and prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in Nakuru, Kenya.
To estimate the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment (VI) in adults aged ≥50 years in the Nakuru district of Kenya and to identify sociodemographic risk factors for these conditions. We also sought to validate the Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) methodology. ⋯ This survey provides reliable estimates of blindness and VI prevalence in Nakuru. Older age and tribal origin were identified as predictors of these conditions. This survey validates the use of RAAB as a method of estimating blindness and VI prevalence.
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Low cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSF-P) may be involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. We measured the optic nerve subarachnoid space width (ONSASW) as a surrogate for orbital CSF-P in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with normal and high pressure and a control group. ⋯ The narrower orbital optic nerve subarachnoid space in patients with POAG with normal pressure compared with high pressure suggests a lower orbital CSF-P in patients with POAG with normal pressure.