The American journal of medicine
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Of the four categories of oral analgesics, three have been available since the 19th century. Although adequate doses of the more potent oral opioids such as morphine and methadone are effective even in severe pain, the commonly used "weak" narcotics such as codeine and propoxyphene are no more effective than usual doses of aspirin or acetaminophen. Furthermore, the opioids produce gastrointestinal and central nervous system adverse effects, and, during long-term administration, tolerance may develop and there is a risk of drug dependence. ⋯ The fourth category of oral analgesics constitutes the most important recent development in pain management with analgesic drugs: the newer peripherally acting, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics, some of which are clearly more efficacious than aspirin or acetaminophen and compare favorably not only with full doses of narcotic combination products but even, in some cases, with strong injectable opioids. On repeated dosing, some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are better tolerated than aspirin and some have a much longer duration of analgesic effect than aspirin or acetaminophen. Further study is needed to compare nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among themselves and to determine their value in chronic pain and in combination therapy.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing three single-dose regimens of piroxicam with ibuprofen in patients with primary dysmenorrhea.
Sixty-eight women with primary dysmenorrhea were randomly assigned to one of five four-times-daily treatment groups for a minimum of three days and a maximum of five days. Three of the groups received different initial single-daily doses of piroxicam, which were followed on each treatment day with placebo for the second through fourth doses, namely, piroxicam 20 mg daily for five days (piroxicam 20 mg for five days); piroxicam 40 mg on Day 1, followed by piroxicam 20 mg on Days 2 through 5 (piroxicam 40 mg for one day); and piroxicam 40 mg on Days 1 and 2, followed by piroxicam 20 mg on Days 3 through 5 (piroxicam 40 mg for two days). The fourth group received ibuprofen 400 mg four times per day, and the fifth group received placebo four times per day. ⋯ A significantly smaller percentage of patients treated with piroxicam 40 mg for two days required supplemental medication as compared with those treated with piroxicam 20 mg for five days (p = 0.035) and patients treated with placebo (p = 0.010). A greater amount of overall relief was obtained by patients treated with piroxicam 40 mg for two days compared with patients treated with piroxicam 40 mg for one day (p = 0.041) and placebo-treated patients (p = 0.001). It was concluded that single daily doses of piroxicam 20 mg and 40 mg were as effective as ibuprofen, 400 mg four times per day, for the relief of primary dysmenorrhea.
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Dysmenorrhea, which may be primary or secondary, is the occurrence of painful uterine cramps during menstruation. Until a decade ago, medical and social attitudes toward dysmenorrhea were shrouded with folklore, psychoanalytical profiles, or psychosomatic bases. In secondary dysmenorrhea, there is a visible pelvic lesion to account for the pain, whereas only a biochemical abnormality is responsible for primary dysmenorrhea. ⋯ Primary dysmenorrhea affects 50 percent of postpubescent women and absenteeism among the severe dysmenorrheics has been estimated to cause about 600 million lost working hours or 2 billion dollars annually. Thus, an effective, simple, and safe treatment of primary dysmenorrhea for two to three days during menstruation will not only have a positive economic impact but will also enhance the quality of life. The availability of effective dysmenorrhea therapy with NSAIDs has induced greater expectations of relief by the patient, as well as greater willingness to seek medical help, a more rational approach to patient management by physicians, changes in attitude toward women with primary dysmenorrhea, and the debunking of myths about dysmenorrhea that often have been perpetuated as fact.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Analgesic efficacy of piroxicam in the treatment of postoperative pain.
Two randomized, double-blind, single-dose studies were conducted to assess the analgesic efficacy and safety of piroxicam for the treatment of moderate or severe postoperative pain. Study 1 evaluated the analgesic efficacy of piroxicam 20 mg compared with that of codeine sulfate 60 mg and placebo. A final patient population of 149 subjects rated pain intensity and pain relief at one half hour and one hour following treatment and then hourly for six hours, with a global assessment made at the completion of 24 hours. ⋯ In addition, effects of piroxicam 20 mg had a significantly longer duration than aspirin. Similarly, piroxicam 20 mg had a significantly longer time to remedication compared with aspirin and placebo. The results of these studies provide evidence in support of the longer duration of analgesic efficacy of piroxicam compared with codeine or aspirin in patients with postoperative pain.
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Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Analgesic efficacy of piroxicam in postoperative dental pain.
The severity of postoperative dental pain can be variable depending on the type of procedure. Both centrally acting and peripherally acting analgesics, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, and acetaminophen are used. NSAIDs are generally better suited to ambulatory outpatients. ⋯ Safety results showed that a wide range of piroxicam doses were safe when administered in single doses. Although neither piroxicam 5 mg nor 10 mg produced clinically significant analgesia, 20-mg and 40-mg doses were significantly superior to placebo and both were comparable with aspirin 648 mg over the initial six hours. Piroxicam 20 mg and 40 mg, however, produced significantly longer durations of analgesia than aspirin 648 mg, and it appears that the analgesic effect of piroxicam may extend for up to 24 hours in a substantial proportion of patients.