The American journal of medicine
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conflicting evidence regarding the association of vancomycin serum concentrations with efficacy and toxicity has resulted in controversy regarding optimal target concentrations. Recent publications recommend attaining higher vancomycin trough concentrations of 15 to 20 mg/L for target infections, yet limited research is available assessing the correlation of vancomycin serum concentrations with toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between vancomycin serum trough concentrations and nephrotoxicity. ⋯ a higher vancomycin serum trough concentration and prolonged vancomycin therapy are associated with an increased risk of nephrotoxicity. The decision to target increased vancomycin trough concentrations should be based on an assessment of the severity of the infection and must consider the nephrotoxicity risk associated with increased vancomycin levels.
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Due to the growing awareness of exercise-related arrhythmias and improved sensitivity of diagnostic modalities, physicians are increasingly faced with choices that may have life-changing impact for the athlete. This article surveys recent research and expert opinion addressing benign and pathogenic cardiac changes underlying arrhythmias in athletes.
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Comparative effectiveness research (CER) may be defined informally as an assessment of available options for treating specific medical conditions in selected groups of patients. In this context, the most prominent features of CER are the various patient populations, medical ailments, and treatment options involved in any particular project. Yet, each research investigation also has a corresponding study design or "architecture," and in patient-oriented research a common distinction used to describe such designs are randomized controlled trials (RCTs) versus observational studies. The purposes of this overview, with regard to CER, are to (1) understand how observational studies can provide accurate results, comparable to RCTs; (2) recognize strategies used in selected newer methods for conducting observational studies; (3) review selected observational studies from the Veterans Health Administration; and (4) appreciate the importance of fundamental methodological principles when conducting or evaluating individual studies.
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diagnostic delay contributes to high morbidity and mortality in infective endocarditis. A readily available diagnostic marker of infective endocarditis is desirable. S-procalcitonin has been proposed as a candidate, but data on its yield are conflicting. We tested its diagnostic value in a large population of patients seen in a tertiary center. ⋯ procalcitonin was significantly higher in patients with infective endocarditis than in patients without infective endocarditis and bacteremia with endocarditis-typical organisms was the strongest independent determinant of high procalcitonin. The clinical importance of this is questionable, because a suitable procalcitonin threshold for diagnosing or excluding infective endocarditis was not established.
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recent systematic reviews have cast doubt on the association between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. No prior studies have investigated the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH](2)D), or intact parathyroid hormone and cardiovascular mortality in a temperate climate. ⋯ in this prospective study of Caucasian, middle-income, community-dwelling older adults living in sunny southern California, serum levels of 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)(2)D, and intact parathyroid hormone were not independently associated with cardiovascular mortality.