The American journal of medicine
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We systematically assessed beneficial and harmful effects of monoclonal antibodies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment, and prophylaxis in individuals exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. ⋯ Monoclonal antibodies had limited effects on most of the outcomes in COVID-19 patients, and when used as prophylaxis. Additional data are needed to determine their efficacy and safety.
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The placebo effect can be defined as any improvement of illnesses or reduction of subjective symptoms that result from interventions possessing no known physical effects. By contrast, the nocebo effect refers to undesirable symptoms or illnesses that follow interventions also lacking known physical effects. ⋯ Both placebo and nocebo effects can be potent and must be understood by both practitioners and researchers for proper application in clinical medicine. Individual caregivers can apply these principles to modify results in the daily care of patients.