Diabetes care
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Observational Study
The Presence of Diabetes and Higher HbA1c Are Independently Associated With Adverse Outcomes After Surgery.
Limited studies have examined the association between diabetes and HbA1c with postoperative outcomes. We investigated the association of diabetes, defined categorically, and the association of HbA1c as a continuous measure, with postoperative outcomes. ⋯ Almost one-third of surgical inpatients age ≥54 years had diabetes. Diabetes and higher HbA1c were independently associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes after surgery.
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Insulin was discovered in 1921 and soon became widely available in high-income countries. However, many people currently in need of this life-saving medicine are unable to access it. This is a global phenomenon, impacting not only populations of low- and middle-income countries but low-income populations in the U. ⋯ Finally, the private sector played its role, under pressure from civil society and governments, in lowering the price of medicines and developing programs to expand access. Here, we use this framework to describe the shortcomings in access to insulin from a U. S. and global perspective.