Journal of affective disorders
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Previous reports examined the effects of selected pre- (e.g. female gender, previous trauma), peri- (e.g. the horror of the trauma, threatened death) or post-exposure (e.g. the physical injury caused by the trauma) risk factors on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), an anxiety disorder associated with a traumatic event outside the range of usual human experience. We hypothesized that alcohol consumption prior to traumatic events may reduce the incidence rate of PTSD. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the above risk factors and preventive factors, such as alcohol consumption, on the development of PTSD. ⋯ The results of this study show that the development of PTSD is determined by the effects of pre-, peri- and post-exposure risk factors and may be prevented by the effects of peri-traumatic factors, such as sense of control, alcohol consumption and intoxication.