Hypertension
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Questions remain as to whether pediatric sleep disordered breathing increases the risk for elevated blood pressure and blood pressure-dependent cardiac remodeling. We tested the hypothesis that activity-adjusted morning blood pressure surge, blood pressure load, and diurnal and nocturnal blood pressure are significantly higher in children with sleep disordered breathing than in healthy controls and that these blood pressure parameters relate to left ventricular remodeling. 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure parameters were compared between groups. The associations between blood pressure and left ventricular relative wall thickness and mass were measured. 140 children met the inclusion criteria. ⋯ Diurnal and nocturnal systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure predicted the changes in left ventricular relative wall thickness. Therefore, sleep disordered breathing in children who are otherwise healthy is independently associated with an increase in morning blood pressure surge, blood pressure load, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. The association between left ventricular remodeling and 24-hour blood pressure highlights the role of sleep disordered breathing in increasing cardiovascular morbidity.
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Because primary hypertension (PH) is associated with calcium metabolism, it is hypothesized that PH may be related to osteoporosis risk. The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between body composition and bone strength in hypertensive adolescents. Total body scans using x-ray absorptiometry (DPX-L, GE Healthcare) were performed in 94 PH children aged 6 to 18 years (21 girls and 73 boys). ⋯ When increased BW was controlled for, PH girls differed in SDs scores for LBM (-1.4+/-1.7; P<0.01), FM (+1.6+/-2.2; P<0.05), FM/BW (+0.9+/-1.0; P<0.05), and FM/LBM (+1.3+/-1.4; P<0.01) but not for total body bone mineral density (+0.2+/-1.0; P value not significant), TBBMC (-1.2+/-1.6; P=0.07), LBM/BW (-0.7+/-1.0; P=0.07), and TBBMC/LBM (-1.0+/-2.1; P value not significant), when compared with respective SDs scores of -0.3+/-1.1, +0.3+/-1.1, +0.3+/-1.0, +0.3+/-1.0, -0.2+/-1.0, -0.6+/-1.9, -0.3+/-1.0, and -0.2+/-1.0 in PH boys. In conclusion, PH adolescents had increased FM and an imbalanced relationship among BW, FM, and LBM. In PH girls, bone strength, although proper for chronological age and body height, was lower than expected for BW.
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The influence of blood pressure on outcomes after high-risk myocardial infarction is not well characterized. We studied the relationship between blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular events in 14 703 patients with heart failure, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, or both after acute myocardial infarction in the Valsartan in Myocardial Infarction Trial. We assessed the relationship between antecedent hypertension and outcomes and the association between elevated (systolic: >140 mm Hg) or low blood pressure (systolic: <100 mm Hg) in 2 of 3 follow-up visits during the first 6 months and subsequent cardiovascular events over a median 24.7 months of follow-up. ⋯ While low blood pressure in the postmyocardial infarction period was associated with increased risk of adverse events, patients with elevated blood pressure (n=1226) were at significantly higher risk of stroke (adjusted HR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.17 to 2.29) and combined cardiovascular events (adjusted HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.31). Six months after a high-risk myocardial infarction, elevated systolic blood pressure, a potentially modifiable risk factor, is associated with an increased risk of subsequent stroke and cardiovascular events. Whether aggressive antihypertensive treatment can reduce this risk remains unknown.
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Angioedema is a potentially life-threatening adverse effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Bradykinin and substance P, substrates of angiotensin-converting enzyme, increase vascular permeability and cause tissue edema in animals. Studies indicate that amino-terminal degradation of these peptides, by aminopeptidase P and dipeptidyl peptidase IV, may be impaired in individuals with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. ⋯ Dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity (21.5+/-4.9 versus 29.8+/-6.7 nmol/mL per minute; P=0.001) and antigen (354.4+/-124.7 versus 559.8+/-163.2 ng/mL; P=0.003) were decreased in sera from cases collected during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition but not in the absence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. The degradation half-life of substance P correlated inversely with dipeptidyl peptidase IV antigen during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Environmental or genetic factors that reduce dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity may predispose individuals to angioedema.