Annals of emergency medicine
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To determine the epidemiology of unwitnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and the factors associated with survival after resuscitation using the Utstein style data collection. ⋯ This survey shows that survival after unwitnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is unlikely with an initial response of basic life support alone. Withdrawal of resuscitation should be considered if an adult victim of unwitnessed cardiac arrest is found in asystole and the arrest is of obvious cardiac origin.
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Comparative Study
On-line medical control versus protocol-based prehospital care.
To compare on-scene time, appropriateness of therapy, and accuracy of paramedic clinical assessments when prehospital care was provided with the use of on-line medical control (OLMC) by EMS-certified nurses from a single base station or by paramedics using chief complaint-based protocols. ⋯ The use of protocols resulted in small improvements in both on-scene time and the appropriateness of therapeutic decisions, without a change in agreement between paramedic and physician. Protocol care for these three chief complaints is clinically safe and, by reducing training and staffing considerations, may offer a cost-effective alternative to OLMC.
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In this report we describe the toxicokinetics of the Tylenol Extended Relief (TER) preparation of acetaminophen in human overdose. We collected 41 cases of TER overdose from five regional poison centers. Patients who met the following criteria were studied: a single ingestion of TER alone; confirmed time of ingestion; at least four acetaminophen determinations; and normal concentrations of liver function enzymes. ⋯ On the basis of our data, the use of a single 4-hour acetaminophen determination may lead to failure to recognize patients with potentially toxic TER ingestion. Until more toxicokinetic data are available, a reasonable approach would be to obtain at least one additional acetaminophen determination at least 4 to 6 hours after the first, if the first is obtained 4 to 8 hours after ingestion. NAC treatment should be initiated if either level is above the nomogram line but not if both levels fall below the nomogram line.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
High-dose hydrocortisone hemisuccinate in scorpion envenomation.
Scorpion envenomation is a common life-threatening hazard in tropical and subtropical countries. Standard treatment is not clearly defined. Many therapies, such as steroids, are prescribed without experimental justification. We sought to assess the efficacy of systematic administration of intravenous hydrocortisone hemisuccinate (50 mg/kg) in scorpion envenomation. ⋯ Our findings do not support the use of intravenous high-dose steroids in scorpion-envenomated patients. The discontinuation of this practice would reduce costs substantially.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Clinical Trial
Description and evaluation of the vallecula sign: a new radiologic sign in the diagnosis of adult epiglottitis.
To describe and prospectively evaluate a new radiologic sign with the potential to increase the diagnostic accuracy of soft-tissue radiography of the neck in the identification of adult epiglottitis. ⋯ We have described a new radiographic sign that improves the diagnostic accuracy of soft-tissue radiography of the neck. If reproduced in prospective studies, the absence of the vallecula sign on radiography might obviate the need for routine use of direct visualization as an initial screen.