Annals of emergency medicine
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The Utstein guidelines recommend that emergency medical services (EMS)-witnessed cardiac arrests be considered separately from other out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cases. The objective of this study was to assess EMS-witnessed cardiac arrest and to determine predictors of survival in this group. ⋯ EMS-witnessed cases are clearly an important subset of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and are characterized by 2 distinct symptom groups: chest pain and dyspnea. These symptoms are important predictors of survival and may also help determine underlying mechanisms before patient collapse. A later phase of the OPALS study will prospectively evaluate the impact of out-of-hospital advanced life support on the survival of victims of EMS-witnessed cardiac arrest. [De Maio VJ, Stiell IG, Wells GA, Spaite DW, for the OPALS Study Group. Cardiac arrest witnessed by emergency medical services personnel: descriptive epidemiology, prodromal symptoms, and predictors of survival. Ann Emerg Med. February 2000;35:138-146.].
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[Rennie W. The end of the line. Ann Emerg Med. February 2000;35:194-195.].
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[Gallagher EJ. Clots in the lung. Ann Emerg Med. February 2000;35:181-187.].