Veterinary research communications
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A comprehensive food safety strategy involves establishing risk management goals, food safety objectives and, for production systems, performance objectives and performance criteria. The working instructions for each step of the process should be validated for their effect before integration within a specific HACCP plan. The importance of realistic inactivation models to predict the hygienic equivalence of food processing operations is discussed.
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In this review, the pharmacological effects of administering hypertonic solutions to both healthy animals and during experimentally induced diseases are considered with a view to understanding the mechanisms behind the possible clinical efficacy of such treatment. The review focuses successively on haemorrhagic shock, endotoxic shock and hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis. How hypertonic saline solutions affect oxygen transport by haemoglobin is also considered.
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The aim of this review is to find out if getting up and lying down movements can be used as one of several parameters when evaluating different cattle environments. Getting up and lying down movements are performed according to innate movement patterns. An unsuitable environment can cause these movements to become incomplete or abnormal and so lead to injuries. ⋯ Calves kept in small individual crates carry out a large percentage of their lying down and getting up procedures abnormally. In this review it is shown that it is possible to make improvements in the environment of cattle by using results from studies of these behaviour patterns. The conclusion is that getting up and lying down movements can be used as one of several parameters when evaluating different cattle environments.