Preventive medicine
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Preventive medicine · Oct 2020
Risk factor control among Black and White adults with diabetes onset in older adulthood: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.
The objective of this study was to determine whether attainment of clinical and lifestyle targets varied by race and sex among adults with diabetes onset in older adulthood. This study included 1420 black and white adults from the REGARDS study without diabetes at baseline (2003-07) but with diabetes onset at the follow-up exam (2013-16). Attainment of clinical targets (A1c <8%; blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg; and statin use) and lifestyle targets (not smoking; physical activity≥ 4 times/week; and moderate/no alcohol use) was assessed at the follow-up exam. ⋯ For lifestyle factors, the non-smoking prevalence was similar by race and sex, while white men were more likely than white women to be physically active. Although the attainment of each clinical and lifestyle target separately was generally high among adults with diabetes onset in older adulthood, race and sex differences were apparent. Comprehensive management of clinical and lifestyle factors in people with diabetes remains suboptimal.
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Preventive medicine · Oct 2020
Exploring gender differences in the longitudinal association between bullying and risk behaviours with Body Mass Index among COMPASS youth in Canada.
The purpose of this study was to identify gender differences in the association between bullying and Body Mass Index (BMI) longitudinally. Longitudinal data (2013-2015) from 4510 youth (Ontario, Canada) were used to model BMI with consecutive bullying status prospectively, adjusting for previously identified gender-specific health risk behaviour latent classes. To assess for gender differences, these mixed-effects models were stratified by gender. ⋯ I. = 1.11, 2.29)] at follow-up. In contrast with previous literature that measured BMI during adulthood (i.e., years after school victimization), our study adds a unique contribution to the literature that across one year (while youth are still in secondary school), bullying is associated with higher odds of weight status and BMI among female and male youth. Since this increase occurs during secondary school, school-based programs aimed at decreasing youth bullying behaviours and addressing increases in BMI before youth leave school are of paramount importance.
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Preventive medicine · Oct 2020
Patterns of adolescent gun carrying and gun-related crime arrests in Indianapolis, Indiana over an 11-year time period.
Adolescent males are disproportionately affected by homicide as both victims and offenders. Indianapolis has seen increases in youth homicides over the past few years; gun carrying increases an individual's risk for involvement in firearm violence. It is unclear how often youth are arrested for gun carrying and gun-related crimes. ⋯ Proportions of juvenile arrests for both gun carrying (47.0 per 1000 arrests) and gun-related crime (25.4 per 1000 arrests) have substantially increased compared to ten-years ago (4.5 per 1000 arrests and 2.0 per 1000 arrests, respectively). Of those arrested, 27.7 per 100,000 population were arrested for a repeated gun-related offense; of which 21.5 per 100,000 were first arrested for gun carrying and 6.2 per 100,000 were arrested for a gun-related crime. The majority of gun-related repeat offenders were first arrested for gun carrying; therefore, these gun-carrying arrests may be an opportunity to intervene on an individual level by providing treatment, other needed resources, and discussing safe firearm storage with families and communities.
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Preventive medicine · Oct 2020
History of child maltreatment and excessive dietary and screen time behaviors in young adults: Results from a nationally representative study.
Child maltreatment is common and has been associated with substance use addictions, yet few studies have examined associations with potentially addictive dietary and screen time behaviors. The goal of this study was to assess associations between retrospectively self-reported child maltreatment (sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect) and excessive self-reported dietary (sugar sweetened beverage and fast food consumption) and screen time behaviors (television/video watching and leisure time computer use) in early adulthood, overall and by sex and race/ethnicity. Associations were examined using data from 10,813 participants 24-32 years old from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. ⋯ Some associations were particularly strong in racial/ethnic minorities, especially Latina females (poly-maltreatment-sugar sweetened beverage association: aPR = 6.14, 95% CI:2.12, 17.75; poly-maltreatment-computer use association: aPR = 3.08, 95% CI:1.44, 6.58). These findings show that child maltreatment is associated with excessive dietary and screen time behaviors into adulthood, and these associations are present in racial/ethnic groups at high risk of cardiometabolic disease. Extension of an addiction paradigm to include dietary and screen time behaviors may inform health risks and disease prevention efforts in child maltreatment survivors.
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Children on Canadian farms are at high risk for fatal injury. Ongoing surveillance of these deaths is required to affirm recurrent patterns of injury, and to determine whether historical approaches to prevention have resulted in declines in the occurrence of these traumatic events. We analyzed epidemiological patterns and trends in the occurrence of fatal pediatric farm injuries over 23 years. ⋯ Our findings call into question the effectiveness of pediatric farm safety initiatives that primarily focus on education. Second, while CAIR fatality data are maintained, surveillance of hospitalized injuries has been disbanded and the fatality records require updating. Only by doing so will such surveillance findings provide comprehensive information to inform prevention.