Pharmacotherapy
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Observational Study
Pharmacokinetics of an extended 4-hour infusion of piperacillin-tazobactam in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy.
To evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of piperacillin-tazobactam administered as a 4-hour infusion in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). ⋯ Administration of a 4-hour infusion of piperacillin-tazobactam was associated with a favorable pharmacodynamic profile in patients undergoing CRRT. Concentrations associated with maximal activity were attained in our patients.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death and is a substantial source of disability in the United States. Moderate-to-severe acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) can progress to respiratory failure, necessitating ventilator assistance in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients in the ICU with AECOPD requiring ventilator support have higher morbidity and mortality rates as well as costs compared with hospitalized patients not in the ICU. ⋯ This review highlights recent findings from the current body of evidence on nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment and prevention of AECOPD in critically ill patients. In addition, the administration of bronchodilators using novel delivery devices in the ventilated patient and the conflicting evidence surrounding antibiotic use in AECOPD in the critically ill is explored. Further clinical trials, however, are warranted to clarify the optimal pharmacotherapy management for AECOPD, particularly in critically ill patients admitted to the ICU.
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Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) and chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) are two common functional gastrointestinal disorders that impair quality of life and pose a significant economic burden to the health care system. Current therapeutic options include lifestyle modifications, over-the-counter (OTC) agents, antispasmodics, serotonin agonists, and lubiprostone and linaclotide, two prosecretory prescription drugs approved for the treatment of IBS-C and CIC. This review discusses the efficacy and safety of current treatments and emerging therapies for the treatment of IBS-C and CIC, with a focus on the prosecretory agents. ⋯ Relatively small response rates, higher costs, and adverse effects associated with lubiprostone and linaclotide will likely render these agents suitable as second-line therapies in the treatment of IBS-C and CIC. Emerging potential treatment options include prucalopride, plecanatide, elobixibat, and tenapanor. Several of these emerging therapies have novel mechanisms of action and may show promise in patients with IBS-C and CIC who have not responded to other therapies.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in healthy Chinese subjects.
To investigate the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of fluticasone furoate (FF)/vilanterol (VI) - a fixed-dose combination of an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and a long-acting β2 -agonist for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - after single and repeat administration in healthy Chinese subjects. ⋯ In healthy Chinese subjects, minimal and non-clinically relevant β-adrenergic pharmacodynamic effects were observed with FF/VI doses ranging from 50/25 to 200/25 μg. FF dose-dependent reductions in serum cortisol levels of 15-25% were seen after administration of FF/VI 100/25 and 200/25 μg. FF/VI was safe and well tolerated in these subjects at doses ranging from 50/25 to 200/25 μg.