Seminars in neurology
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Imaging of the pediatric brain is challenging. Knowledge of the normal anatomy and appearance of the developing brain at a given age is critical in identifying abnormalities. Brain malformations had been in the domain of the neuropathologist, but with advanced neuroimaging they can be defined in vivo. ⋯ In addition to anatomical magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, metabolic imaging with MR spectroscopy is established in many brain disorders, such as tumors, leukodystrophies, and metabolic conditions. Even though catheter angiography remains the gold standard, MR and computed tomography angiography provide rapid and noninvasive alternatives to evaluate children with vascular lesions. This article presents the classic imaging findings in pediatric neurology, including the commonly seen malformations, metabolic disorders, and trauma in addition to some rarer diseases.
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Head trauma requires several different neuroimaging modalities for adequate evaluation and determination of treatment. This article considers the importance of anatomical and functional imaging modalities in the initial evaluation, treatment planning, and long-term management of patients with head injury. ⋯ Each modality offers specific advantages and potential disadvantages. However, it is important to understand the capabilities of each modality, and how and when each one might provide the most valuable information as one evaluates such patients.