Rheumatology international
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Review Case Reports
Rare localizations of bone sarcoidosis: two case reports and review of the literature.
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown origin. Granulomatous bone involvement has an overall incidence of 1-13%. ⋯ Here we describe some interesting cases of chronic sarcoidosis with unusual bone localizations observed at our regional referral centre for sarcoidosis. We also review the literature to underline the complexity of the disease, the problem of differential diagnosis with respect to malignancies and the need for appropriate and effective therapy of this rare localization.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the induction of interleukin-34 (IL-34) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) mRNA by inflammatory cytokines and the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in this signaling pathway in human osteoblasts as both IL-34 and M-CSF bind to the same receptor c-FMS. Among four inflammatory cytokines [(IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], IL-34 mRNA expression level was dramatically induced by IL-1β (17-fold) and TNF-α (74-fold). IL-1β and TNF-α activated the intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs): p44/42 MAPK, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as well as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in osteoblasts. ⋯ IL-1β- and TNF-α-mediated induction of M-CSF mRNA was not affected by p38, JNK, and MEK-1/2 inhibitors. However, NF-κB inhibitor completely inhibited the elevation of M-CSF mRNA expression by these cytokines. These results showed that proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, induced the expression of IL-34 mRNA via JNK and p44/42 MAPK but not p38 in human osteoblasts while p38, JNK, and p44/42 MAPK were not involved in the induction of M-CSF mRNA expression by these cytokines.
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Review
Writing a narrative biomedical review: considerations for authors, peer reviewers, and editors.
Review articles comprehensively covering a specific topic are crucial for successful research and academic projects. Most editors consider review articles for special and regular issues of journals. ⋯ We performed a comprehensive search through MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science using the following keywords: review of the literature, narrative review, title, abstract, authorship, ethics, peer review, research methods, medical writing, scientific writing, and writing standards. Opinions expressed in the review are also based on personal experience as authors, peer reviewers, and editors.