Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP
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Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. · Feb 2019
ReviewLegal aspects of zebrafish neuropharmacology and neurotoxicology research.
Despite the growing emphasis on translational neuropharmacology and drug discovery research, the legality underlying these fields are seldom considered. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an increasingly utilized model organism in neuropharmacology and neurotoxicology. ⋯ Here, we discuss a wide range of regulatory topics relevant to zebrafish research, such as the bioethics of experimentation (including studies of stress and pain), welfare protection laws, the recent advances in CNS drug discovery, and specific legal aspects of controlled substance research in this aquatic species. The conceptualization and understanding of the zebrafish welfare and its promise as a model in toxicology can also potentially shape environmental protection practices and inform policy making.
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Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. · Feb 2019
Assessment of the approved Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy programs for New Drug Applications and Biologics Licensing Applications.
The Food and Drug Amendments Act of 2007, (FDAAA), granted the United States Food and Drug Administration to require drug manufacturers to develop a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, (REMS). Implementation of the FDAAA required drug manufacturers to utilize risk minimization strategies beyond routine labeling for benefit-risk profiles of prescription drugs. The first full year of FDAAA implementation, 2008, through 2016, was reviewed to assess presence of differences in REMS requirements in Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) New Drug Applications, (NDAs), and Biologics License Applications, (BLAs). The risks present in the current unreleased approved REMS were reviewed to determine any difference in FDA requirements for safety risks identified in the NDA and BLA REMS programs.
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Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. · Feb 2019
Influence of machine-based puffing parameters on aerosol and smoke emissions from next generation nicotine inhalation products.
There is increasing diversity of nicotine inhalation products worldwide. Next Generation Products (NGP) such as e-cigarettes, have gained mass popularity, and there is increasing use of electrical and carbon-based Tobacco-Heating Products (e-THP and c-THP respectively). Recently, emission levels from these products have been compared to conventional cigarettes (CC); however, few formal laboratory testing standards exist, and inconsistent puffing parameters have been used. ⋯ For e-cigarettes, there was no significant difference in emissions between rectangular and bell-shaped profiles. Our study has also shown that these different behaviours are a result of how heat-management within different NGPs, from heat-source to the nicotine- and aerosol-releasing substrates, is a vital mechanistic factor impacting aerosol generation. These findings point the need for detailed real-world e-cigarette and THP puffing topography data in order to identify the most appropriate puffing parameters for laboratory testing; our findings will help focus these studies on the most important parameters and can thereby support the future development of robust standardised NGP testing regimes.