Neurologic clinics
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Pharmacologic therapy represents the first line of treatment of epilepsy and is effective in most patients. However, about 20% to 30% of cases develop intractable seizures that cannot be controlled by medication alone. In such cases, surgical intervention is considered for therapeutic, often curative purposes. ⋯ Many diagnostic modalities have been developed to identify different aspects of the epileptic focus. Older techniques are being increasingly supplemented by a variety of anatomic and functional imaging modalities that can help clarify discrepancies. Invasive electroencephalography remains the gold standard for identifying epileptic foci and guiding the surgeon to successful resections.