Dermatologic clinics
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Nail polish is a nitrocellulose-based film that is modified to create a plastic shiny colored film that can be painted on the nail plate. The desire to develop a long-lasting pigmented film has resulted in the development of nail shellacs based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) designed to polymerize on the nail plate. These films are chip resistant and long wearing, designed to last 3 to 4 weeks. Further polymer use has resulted in the ability to sculpt an elongated nail on the nail plate to create the appearance of long nails.
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An interaction between light's radiation and certain exogenous and endogenous substances can lead to the development of photoallergic and/or phototoxic dermatoses. Clinically, reactions may range from acute and self-limited to chronic and recurrent. ⋯ Therefore, a critical understanding of these dermatoses is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. The epidemiology, light sources, mechanisms, clinical presentations, evaluation protocols, common culprits, treatments, key challenges, and future directions related to photoallergy and phototoxicity are reviewed herein.
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Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by the formation of sharply demarcated, scaly, erythematous plaques. It affects about 2.2% of the population in the United States and has a large impact on patient quality of life. ⋯ Biologic medications targeting the aforementioned cytokines have been developed and studied for the management of psoriatic disease. This article summarizes the newest findings in the management of psoriasis and the various treatment options available.
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Chikungunya and Zika virus infections are emerging diseases in the Americas, and dengue continues to be the most prevalent arthropod-borne virus in the world. These arbovirus diseases may spread by endemic transmission or as travel-related infections and have rapidly expanded their geographic distribution secondary to vector spread. All 3 share a similar clinical picture that includes a maculopapular rash. ⋯ Congenital nervous system malformations are a growing public-health concern. Chikungunya distinctive dermatologic manifestations include facial melanosis and bullous eruption. Dengue bleeding complications may be life-threatening and require inpatient management.
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Neuropathic pruritus is a challenging condition that can be caused by injury or dysfunction in any part of the nervous system. A vast array of clinical pictures exist, including both localized and generalized pruritus, and their principal entities are described in this article. ⋯ The management of neuropathic itch is demanding and the majority of interventions are not curative. The best treatment options include anticonvulsants, topical anesthetics, and capsaicin.