Dermatologic clinics
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The incidence of melanoma is rising worldwide, and in the United States has increased by approximately 2.8% annually since 1981. Melanoma is more common in whites, and is generally more prevalent in men. ⋯ Melanoma incidence is also greater in higher economic groups. Globally, melanoma incidence is highest in Australia, followed by the United States and parts of Europe.
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Dermatologic clinics · Jul 2011
ReviewDiagnosis and clinical features of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a rare autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease characterized by immune deposits on anchoring fibrils of cutaneous and mucosal basement membrane zones. It is due to circulating antibodies directed to type VII collagen. ⋯ Specialized tests available in only certain laboratories are necessary to confirm a diagnosis of EBA, such as immunoelectron microscopy, immunoblotting, or ELISA using recombinant proteins. A frequent association between EBA and Crohn disease has been observed.
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Dermatologic clinics · Jan 2011
ReviewWidespread use of toxic skin lightening compounds: medical and psychosocial aspects.
Hyperpigmentation disorders and skin lightening treatments have a significant impact on the dermatologic, physiologic, psychologic, economic, social, and cultural aspects of life. Skin lightening compounds, such as hydroquinone and topical corticosteroids, are often used to treat hyperpigmentation disorders, such as melasma, or lighten skin for cosmetic purposes. ⋯ Regulatory agencies have also recognized the adverse effects of skin lighteners and many countries around the world now forbid the production and sale of these compounds, although this prohibition has not significantly curtailed distribution. Dermatologists and users of cosmetic products should be aware of the various components in bleaching compounds, their potential adverse effects, and alternative options for skin lightening.
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Dermatologic clinics · Jan 2011
ReviewAlbinism in Africa: stigma, slaughter and awareness campaigns.
Oculocutaneous albinism is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a lack of pigment in the hair, skin, and eyes. Albinism is caused by defective or absent tyrosinase, an enzyme necessary for melanogenesis. Although rare in the western world, albinism is quite common in sub-Saharan Africa, likely as a result of consanguinity. ⋯ As a result there have been over 100 albino murders in Tanzania, Burundi, and other parts of Africa in the past decade, which is now beginning to garner international attention and thus prompting novel legislation. To ameliorate the plight of individuals with albinism in Africa, a coordinated effort must be organized, involving medical professionals (dermatologists, ophthalmologists, oncologists), public health advocates and educators, social workers, human rights and antidiscrimination activists, law-enforcement agencies, and governmental support groups. The main issues that should be addressed include skin cancer prevention education, stigma and discrimination denouncement, and swift prosecution of albino hunters and their sponsors.
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The diagnosis and management of the following non-infectious vulvar ulcers are reviewed: vulvar aphthae in adult and pediatric patients, aphthae associated with Behçet's disease, vulvar ulcers resulting from Crohn's disease, and vulvar ulcers associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. There are many resources providing excellent reviews of infectious ulcers; therefore this topic will not be covered here.