World journal of urology
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World journal of urology · Nov 2018
ReviewDevelopment of immunotherapy in bladder cancer: present and future on targeting PD(L)1 and CTLA-4 pathways.
Over the past 3 decades, no major treatment breakthrough has been reported for advanced bladder cancer. Recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of five immune checkpoint inhibitors in the management of advanced bladder cancer represent new therapeutic opportunities. This review examines the available data of the clinical trials leading to the approval of ICIs in the management of metastatic bladder cancer and the ongoing trials in advanced and localized settings. ⋯ Blocking the PD-1 negative immune receptor or its ligand, PD-L1, results in unprecedented rates of anti-tumour activity in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. However, a large majority of patients do not respond to anti-PD(L)1 drugs monotherapy. Investigations exploring the potential value of predictive biomarkers, optimal combination and sequences are ongoing to improve such treatment strategies.
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World journal of urology · Nov 2018
The prevalence and risk factors of nocturia in China, South Korea, and Taiwan: results from a cross-sectional, population-based study.
To examine the prevalence, symptomatology, and risk factors for nocturia using data from an internet-based questionnaire conducted in China, South Korea, and Taiwan. ⋯ Nocturia is a common and bothersome condition affecting a large proportion of men and women aged ≥ 40 years in China, South Korea, and Taiwan. Factors associated with nocturia included age, sex, comorbid conditions, and LUTS.