Der Orthopäde
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Review Comparative Study
[Approach to open treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus].
Arthroscopic techniques still represent the treatment of choice in osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT). Open techniques may be used as an alternative or may be complementary to arthroscopic treatments. They are especially indicated in cases of large osteochondral lesions, difficult localisations and in cases of recurrent interventions. ⋯ Osteotomy of the (medial) malleolus offers good visualisation of the medial talar dome. With the introduction of new techniques of osteochondral transplantations, the use of this approach is becoming more popular. However, it is an invasive technique and the risk of secondary osteoarthritis after malleolar osteotomy still needs to be determined.
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Since 1996 we have gained experience in the development and clinical application of the OATS technique in 167 cases. Operative management, technical demands and early results of osteochondral cylindrical autograft plugs at the talus are presented. Between April 1996 and November 2000 we treated 39 patients (21 male, 18 female) with an average age of 28.4 years (range: 16-57 years) for osteochondral defects with an average size of 8 x 15 mm-20 x 15 mm at the medial (n = 31) and lateral (n = 6) talar dome as well as at the distal tibia (n = 2) with an OATS technique. ⋯ Because of the mostly posterior localization of the defect zone, osteotomy of the malleolus is necessary in most cases. Harvesting the donor cylinders from the ipsilateral knee joint by mini-arthrotomy shows a low mortality. The OATS technique is a suitable, causal and cost-effective therapy, which can possibly prevent and at least delay the development of an arthrosis.
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The aim of this study was to compare the results of different treatment strategies for osteochondral defects (OCD) of the talus. Electronic databases from 1966 to June 2000 were systematically screened. Thirty-nine studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. ⋯ From the results of this systematic review we conclude that nonoperative treatment and excision alone are not to be recommended for treatment of talar OCD. Excision, curettage and drilling produced a high percentage of good or excellent results. Further randomized, controlled trials are required to compare the outcome of these two surgical strategies for OCD of the talus.
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Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus is a particular form of osteochondral lesions of the talus. A trauma with subsequent osteochondral defect detected immediately by radiology has to be differentiated from osteochondritis dissecans of the talus. Osteochondritis dissecans (o.d.) is primarily a disease of the subchondral bone and can affect almost every joint in the human organism. ⋯ Periarticular swelling, hydrarthrosis, reduced range of motion and sometimes joint locking are the most common clinical signs. Differentiation of o.d. from posttraumatic osteochondral lesions of the talus is sometimes difficult or even impossible. In contrast, other entities of the tibiotalar joint (such as talar necrosis or subchondral ganglion) can be easily distinguished.