Minerva endocrinologica
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Minerva endocrinologica · Mar 2019
Cardioprotection by metformin in type 2 diabetes: what is the truth?
Abstract
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Pituitary adenomas are frequently occurring intracranial neoplasms. The aim of the treatment of pituitary adenomas is to normalize hormonal hypersecretion, to preserve the normal pituitary function, to reserve or treat impaired pituitary function and to control tumor growth and its mechanical effects on the surrounding structures. Treatment modalities include surgical, medical and radiation therapy. ⋯ The antiproliferative effect is achieved by LKG irradiation in more than 90% of patients. Regarding the functioning pituitary adenomas, the manifestation of the treatment effect is slow and depends mainly on the type of adenoma. Gamma knife irradiation is safe when the maximal doses to pituitary and infundibulum are respected.
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Cortisol is the major glucocorticoid synthesized by the adrenal cortex and its secretion is under the control of hypothalamic-pituitary axis. There is an increase in corticotrophin-releasing hormone and corticotrophin secretion and a decrease in the negative-feedback effect during critical illness. Adrenal insufficiency (AI) in children with critical illness is defined as an inadequate glucocorticoid response, measured by the peak cortisol or the increment in the cortisol level following exogenous ACTH (corticotrophin) administration. ⋯ Recent studies in critically ill children reported that the prevalence of AI was not significantly different between septic and nonseptic patients, but it was noteworthy that AI appeared to be common both in septic and nonseptic critically ill children. A multidisplinary approach is necessary to manage to AI in critically ill children. However, no concensus exists among pediatric intensivist and endocrinologysts on diagnosis or treatment of AI in pediatric critical illness.
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Minerva endocrinologica · Dec 2014
ReviewEmerging paradigms on glucose management in the intensive care unit.
Hyperglycemia is common in critical illness and leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Controversy exists whether tight glycemic control via intensive insulin therapy can safely and effectively improve outcomes. ⋯ To this end, we will discuss underlying biologic mechanisms relevant to hyperglycemia and insulinization in critical illness, summarize results of major randomized controlled clinical trials for glycemic control in the intensive care unit (ICU), and fill in the gaps with necessary information. We will conclude with specific messages, not only reflecting our own clinical experiences, but amenable to implementation in different ICU settings.