European journal of anaesthesiology
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Iontophoretically applied lidocaine and the prevention of pain associated with the injection of intravenous propofol: a comparison with intravenous lidocaine.
Pain following the injection of propofol is a common problem. It is often treated by the coadministration of intravenous lidocaine. Iontophoresis, which facilitates the delivery of charged molecules such as lidocaine to body tissues, may be a practical alternative to lessen the pain. ⋯ The iontophoretic administration of lidocaine 60 mg does not compare favourably with lidocaine 40 mg mixed with propofol for the reduction of pain on administration of propofol.
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Pharmacokinetics of propofol in rats have usually been described using linear models. Furthermore, there are only a few investigations for a pharmacodynamic model of the electroencephalographic effects of propofol in rats. We investigated pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in rats with special regard to linearity in pharmacokinetics and development of tolerance. ⋯ For the applied infusion scheme, propofol pharmacokinetics in rats were nonlinear and a development of tolerance to the electroencephalographic effect of propofol was observed during an infusion time of 90 min.