Bone
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To investigate the efficacy and safety of targeted delivery of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs), which are highly enriched with mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), via medial circumflex femoral artery in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). ⋯ Autologous BMMSC perfusion via the medial circumflex femoral artery can relieve symptoms, improve hip function and delay the progression of ONFH. The clinical outcome is better when it is applied prior to the collapse. This work demonstrates that autologous BMMSC perfusion via the medial circumflex femoral artery is a safe, effective and minimally invasive treatment strategy for early-stage ONFH.