Bone
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Leptin, a small polypeptide hormone secreted by the adipocytes, controls body weight and gonadal function by binding to a special receptor located in the hypothalamus. Observational studies have demonstrated a controversial association between leptin and bone mineral density (BMD), and functional studies of the relationship between leptin and BMD still largely vary by different studies. ⋯ The association estimates of circulating leptin levels on femoral neck, forearm and total body BMD were not significant. Our study suggests that genetically predicted higher circulating leptin was associated with lower LS-BMD.
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Perinatally-acquired HIV infection commonly causes stunting in children; how this affects bone and muscle development is unclear. We investigated differences in bone and muscle mass and muscle function between children with HIV (CWH) and uninfected children. ⋯ Size-adjusted low bone density is common in CWH. Delay in initiating ART adversely affects bone density. Findings support immediate ART initiation at HIV diagnosis.