The Clinical journal of pain
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Pain management is a serious problem for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent developments in pain assessment indicate that multiaxial approaches, assessing medical, psychosocial, and behavioral/functional dimensions, are necessary to measure adequately the impact of chronic pain. The application of this multiaxial system to persons with SCI and chronic pain is presented. ⋯ The assessment task is further confounded by the functional limitations and psychosocial impairments that may accompany SCI. Recommendations are made for adapting established pain measures for use with SCI individuals. The choice of assessment tools for these patients is guided by the multidimensional nature of the pain experience, functional limitations, and the goals of treatment.
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One hundred fifty randomly selected hospitalized children between the ages of 4-14 were interviewed to assess their pain experience in the hospital. Follow-up information was obtained through parent interviews 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months later. On enrollment, more than 87% of children reported having had pain within 24 h and, of those, 19% reported their usual pain intensity as in the severe range. ⋯ In spite of these reports of significant pain by a substantial number of children during hospitalization, at the 3-week follow-up check, by parent report, 68% were pain free. The parents of those with pain were contacted at 3 and 6 months postenrollment, and 96% of children were no longer experiencing pain. Five children reported pain at all contact points; three of these were suffering chronic diseases and the other two had suffered major trauma from motor-vehicle accidents.
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Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause paralysis; sensory impairment; autonomic nervous system dysfunction; and bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction. These impairments may lead to immobility, physical dependence, and alterations in lifestyle and self-esteem. The addition of chronic, intractable pain to these impairments can be truly devastating. ⋯ Thus, it may become impossible for the individual to escape his or her pain even temporarily. The various medical, physical, and surgical treatments considered to be efficacious in treating this pain are reviewed. However, although chronic pain in SCI may be managed by these therapies, a permanent cure may not result.
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The influence of chronic pain on daily life was studied in 58 patients (55 women and three men) with fibromyalgia. The mean age was 45 +/- 11 (SD) years. A mail questionnaire including a 2-day diary was used for data collection. ⋯ Thirty-nine persons (67%) reported no, or very short, pain-free periods during the 2 days. In conclusion, symptoms influenced daily life considerably, and almost all patients reported changes in habits and routines as a consequence of fibromyalgia. An assessment of the patient's total life situation gives valuable information for understanding the patients' ability to handle everyday life.
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With the medical progress that has given spinal cord injured individuals greater longevity and better overall health, chronic pain has emerged as a major challenge in treating this population. Over the past 40 years, estimates of prevalence of severe/disabling chronic pain in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients have ranged from 18% to 63%. Beyond this finding, the extant literature is extremely limited. ⋯ A major purpose of the present article is to expand the scope of inquiry to include these factors and to emphasize the importance of employing a biopsychosocial model. Evidence is reviewed which suggests that chronic pain is associated with psychosocial impairment in this population. It is concluded that rather than being a minor problem in comparison to the other limitations imposed by SCI, chronic pain represents a significant additional challenge to the SCI patient that may be best addressed by a multidisciplinary approach.