Pediatric neurology
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Pediatric neurology · Oct 2019
Review Case ReportsTolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Clinical Manifestations in Children.
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a rare condition in children characterized by painful ophthalmoplegia caused by inflammation of unknown etiology in the cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbital apex. Our main purpose was to report two pediatric cases of THS, a typical one and another extremely rare one preceded by facial palsy. ⋯ THS is a rare condition in pediatric population that requires an extensive evaluation before the final diagnosis is made. Seventh nerve palsy preceding the diagnosis of THS is particularly rare in children. This patient represents only the second reported example of seventh nerve involvement in a child with THS.
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Pediatric neurology · Oct 2019
Review Case ReportsFibrocartilaginous Embolism of the Spinal Cord in Children: A Case Report and Review of Literature.
Fibrocartilaginous embolism is assumed to be caused by fibrocartilaginous nucleus pulposus component migration through retrograde embolization to the spinal cord artery. Fibrocartilaginous embolism is currently not well recognized among pediatricians because of its rarity. We describe a previously healthy 15-year-old soccer player who, after kicking a ball, developed progressive weakness in both legs and urinary retention the next day. ⋯ Affected areas of the spinal cord were distributed evenly from the cervical to thoracolumbar regions. Although steroids and anticoagulants were most commonly used, the prognosis was quite poor (mild to severe sequelae with three deaths). Although fibrocartilaginous embolism is a very rare condition, physicians should be aware of the characteristics and include fibrocartilaginous embolism of the spinal cord in their differential diagnosis, especially for physically active patients.
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Pediatric neurology · Oct 2019
Case ReportsAcute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and Increased Intracranial Pressure Associated With Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibodies.
Antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) have been identified in about 40% of children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). The objective of this report is to describe three individuals with fulminant ADEM complicated by increased intracranial pressure associated with the presence of the anti-MOG antibodies. ⋯ Increased intracranial pressure complicating MOG antibody-related ADEM is a unique finding in our cases. This can complicate the clinical picture of ADEM and confers high morbidity. Long-term immunosuppression is warranted in selected cases with persistent seropositivity.