Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA
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Low back pain is frequent and results in major disability for patients. This anatomical study was done to understand mechanisms involved in that pain. Two kinds of innervation are present in the lumbar spine: one depends on the somatic nervous system and the other on the sympathetic nervous system. ⋯ The pain therefore takes another route through the sympathetic system. Discogenic pain is mediated by the sinu-vertebral nerves, and through the rami communicantes reaches the L2 spinal ganglion. Anatomical and clinical features reinforce this hypothesis.
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The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric variations from various reference points to decrease risks in orbital surgery. Sixty-two orbits obtained from 31 skulls of male adult Caucasians were measured with a millimetric compass. On the medial orbital wall, the midpoint of the anterior lacrimal crest was the reference point; from this point we measured distances of 23.9+/-3.3 mm, 35.6+/-2.3 mm, 41.7+/-3.1 mm and 6.9+/-1.5 mm respectively to the anterior ethmoidal foramen, posterior ethmoidal foramen, midpoint of the medial aspect of the optic canal and posterior lacrimal crest. ⋯ Furthermore, on the same wall, the distance from the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the midpoint of the superior orbital fissure was 14.6+/-2.8 mm. Finally, on the lateral orbital wall the frontozygomatic suture was the reference point. From this point distances to the midpoints of the fossa for the lacrimal gland, superior orbital fissure, lateral aspect of the optic canal and inferior orbital fissure were 17.5+/-2.1 mm, 37.7+/-3.6 mm, 44.9+/-2.5 mm and 33.4+/-3.1 mm respectively.