Epilepsy research
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Photosensitivity can be used as a model in short-term studies for assessing the efficacy of new antiepileptic drugs in man. As a quantitative measure of photosensitivity, the photosensitivity range is employed. This is the range between the highest and the lowest flash rate producing a photoparoxysmal response (generalized paroxysmal activity on the EEG). ⋯ This effect was attributable to loreclezole as no acute interactions with valproic acid could be demonstrated. The rapid onset of activity indicates that loreclezole readily passes the blood-brain barrier. The doses applied were very well tolerated.
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Anticonvulsant levels decline as pregnancy progresses, even in the face of constant and, in some cases, increased dosages of medications. It has been suggested that this decline is responsible for the increase in seizure frequency seen in approximately one-third of the women with epilepsy who become pregnant. Changes in plasma protein binding may explain the declines in anticonvulsant concentrations during pregnancy. ⋯ The free fraction for all anticonvulsants studied rose significantly throughout pregnancy. Protein binding is significantly altered during pregnancy for all 3 drugs studied and appears to account for much of the decline in anticonvulsant concentrations seen in this condition. It is suggested that free rather than total drug concentrations be monitored in pregnant women with epilepsy.
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NMDA receptor antagonists and limbic status epilepticus: a comparison with standard anticonvulsants.
Status epilepticus (SE) evolves through several stages when untreated. The later stages of SE are less responsive to standard anticonvulsants and may require general anesthesia to suppress seizures. Antagonists acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subclass of glutamate (excitatory) receptors have been demonstrated to exert antiepileptic activity in some seizure models. ⋯ Phenytoin had no effect on SE. Ketamine and MK-801 induced a paradoxical enhancement of electrographic seizures that preceded SE suppression. We believe that NMDA-receptor antagonists offer a novel approach for treating the late stages of SE.
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Clinical Trial Controlled Clinical Trial
Comparison of oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine: a double-blind study.
The antiepileptic efficacy and side-effects of oxcarbazepine (OXC), a new carbamazepine derivate, were evaluated in a double-blind study. Forty ambulatory epileptics with unsatisfactory seizure control or unwanted effects due to phenytoin monotherapy were changed to OXC or carbamazepine (CBZ) and were then followed for 48-50 weeks. ⋯ The seizure frequencies on the trial drugs were not significantly different and the antiepileptic efficacy of OXC was comparable to CBZ. The incidence of side-effects during the initiation phase was lower with OXC suggesting better tolerability of OXC compared to CBZ.