Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
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An unknown number of people are born with single or multiple accessory electrical pathways between the atria and the ventricles. Although most people who have an accessory pathway never experience any problems, some show characteristic abnormalities on surface electrocardiography (the Wolff-Parkinson-White [WPW] pattern), and a minority of those with the WPW pattern experience symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, and presyncope-the WPW syndrome. The latter has the potential to lead to malignant tachyarrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death. Thus, it is imperative to detect the WPW electrocardiographic pattern, diagnose WPW syndrome early, and adequately risk stratify those at risk for serious complications.
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The presentation of pericardial disease can be unusual, and what is assumed to be pericardial disease may not be. Knowing pericardial and mediastinal anatomy is vital for understanding these unusual presentations. This review focuses on the history, physical examination, and fundamental diagnostic testing, integrated with pericardial and mediastinal anatomy and pathophysiology.
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Bariatric procedures have been shown to decrease mortality in patients with obesity and even induce remission of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea. One common complication of bariatric surgery is hypoglycemia, which can be observed months to years later and can significantly impact patient lifestyle. No medications are currently approved for this indication. In this article, we discuss the treatment options available and being studied for post-bariatric surgery hypoglycemia (PBH).